Lecture Schedule - Spring 2007

The Floor of the Ocean (bathymetry, physiographic provinces and crustal structure within Plate Tectonics context) The Floor of the Ocean powerpoint File

Download and get familiar with GeoMapApp application (http://www.geomapapp.org) and Google Earth application(http://earth.google.com/)

Reading

• Seibold, E. and Berger, W.H., 1993. Chapter 1 in The Seafloor, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 15-24.
• Menard, H. W. 1960. The East Pacific Rise, Science, v. 132, pp. 1739-1746.
• Vogt, P. R. and Tucholke, B. E., 1986. Imaging of the Ocean Floor: History and State of the Art. In
• Vogt and Tucholke (eds), The Geology of North America, v. M, The Western North Atlantic Region, Geological Society of America, p. 19-44.

Ocean Floor Age Distribution, Depth Relationships, Sediment Thickness & Global Patterns within Plate Tectonics context Ocean Floor Age Distribution powerpoint File

Reading

• Seibold, E. and Berger, W.H., 1993. Chapter 1 in The Seafloor, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 32-40.
• Pitman, W. C., III, and J. P. Heirtzler, 1966. Magnetic anomalies over Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, Science, v. 154, pp. 1164-1171.
• Roest, W. R., Danobietia, J.J., Verhoff, J., and Collette, B.J., 1992. Magnetic Anomalies in the Canary Basin and the Mesozoic Evolution of the Central North Atlantic, Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 14, pp 1-24.
• Vogt, P. R., 1986. Magnetic Anomalies and Crustal Magnetization, In Vogt and Tucholke (eds.), The Geology of North America, Volume M, The Western North Atlantic Region, Geological Society of America, p. 229-256.

Sources and distributions of Biogenic Sediments, nutrients in the ocean, and sediment trap particle fluxes. Biogenic Sedimentation powerpoint File

Reading

• Kennett, J. P., 1982. Biogenic and Authogenic oceanic sediments, in Marine Geology, J. P. Kennett, Chapter 14, pp. 455-503.
  • Seibold, E. and Berger, W., 1993. The Seafloor. Chapter 8 "Deep-sea sediments - patterns, processes, and stratigraphic methods" pp. 215-236.* Open University, 1999. Chapter 3 Deep-sea sediments. pp. 61-76.
• Archer, D. 1996. An atlas of the distribution of calcium carbonate in sediments in the deep-sea. Global. Biogeochem. Cycles.v. 10 (1), 159-174. PDF
• Archer, D., 2004. Biological fluxes in the ocean and atmospheric pCO2. Treatise on Geochemistry (Elsevier), pp. 275-291. PDF

Biogenic Calcite production and deposition (CCD, Lysocline, basin-basin fractionation). Proxies for reconstructing changes in ocean carbonate chemistry Carbonate deposition powerpoint file.

Reading

• Seibold, E. and Berger, W., 1993. The Seafloor. Chapter 8. Deep-Sea Sediments - Calcareous Ooze, p. 225-231.
• Berger, W. H. and E. L. Winterer, 1974. Plate stratigraphy and the fluctuating carbonate line, in Pelagic Sediments, On land and Under the Sea, Pub # 1, K.J. Hsu and H. C. Jenkyns (eds), International Association of Sedimentologists, pp. 11-98.
• Berger, W.H., 1978. Sedimentation of deep-sea carbonate: maps and models of variations and fluctuations, Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 8, #4, p. 286-302.
• Broecker, W.S. 2004. The Oceanic CaCO3 cycle. Treatise in Geochemistry (PDF)
• Barker et al., 2004. Temporal changes in North Atlantic circulation constrained. Paleoceanography, 19 (PDF)

Terrigenous Sediment distributions, composition, mineralogy, and sediment fluxes (hemipelagic, aeolian, glaciogenic, prodelta, contourites, turbidites, debris flow deposits).

Terrigenous Distributions Powerpoint file

Reading

• Margin Formation- A.B. Watts and W. B. F. Ryan, 1976, Flexure of the lithosphere and continental margin basins, Tectonophysics, volume 36, Pages 25-44. pdf
• General Margin Sedimentation- Philip P. E. Weaver, Russell B. Wynn, Neil H. Kenyon and Jeremy Evans Continental margin sedimentation, with special reference to the north-east Atlantic margin, Sedimentology, Volume 47, Issue s1, Page 239-256, February 2000 pdf
• Submarine Canyons- Farre, J.A., McGregor, B.A., Ryan, W.B.F. and Robb, J.M., 1983. Breaching the shelfbreak: passage from youthful to mature phase in submarine canyon evolution. SEPM Special Publication #33, pp. 25-39. pdf
• Pratson, L.F. and Coakley, B.J., 1996. A model for the headward erosion of submarine canyons induced by downslope-eroding sediment flows. Geological. Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 108, p. 225-234 pdf
• Deep-Sea Fans-Roger D. Flood and John E. Damuth. 1987: Quantitative characteristics of sinuous distributary channels on the Amazon Deep-Sea Fan. Geological Society of America Bulletin: Vol. 98, No. 6, pp. 728–738. pdf
• J. Torres, L. Droz, B. Savoye, E. Terentieva, P. Cochonat, N. H. Kenyon & M. Canals, Deep-sea avulsion and morphosedimentary evolution of the Rhône Fan Valley and Neofan during the Late Quaternary (north-western Mediterranean Sea), Sedimentology, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page 457-447, June 1997 pdf

Optional Readings:

• Kenneth I. Skene, David J. W. Piper and Paul S. Hill Quantitative analysis of variations in depositional sequence thickness from submarine channel levees, Sedimentology, Volume 49, Issue 6, Page 1411-1430, December 2002 pdf
• Reinhard Hesse. 1989: "Drainage systems" associated with mid-ocean channels and submarine yazoos: Alternative to submarine fan depositional systems. Geology: Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 1148–1151 pdf

Organic Carbon: Productivity, Preservation, Burial, Bioturbation, Sapropels, N-isotopes.

Organic Carbon sedimentation PowerPoint file

Reading

• Cita, M.B., 1991. Anoxic basins of the eastern Mediterranean: An overview, Paleoceanography, v. 6, pp 133-142.
• Ryan, W. B. F., and Cita, M. B., 1977. Ignorance concerning episodes of ocean-wide stagnation, Marine Geology, v. 23, pp. 197-215.Weissert, H., 1981. The environment of deposition of black shales in the early Cretaceous: An ongoing controversy, Special Pub Soc. of Econ., Paleontol. Mineral., v. 32, pp. 547-560.Rossignol-Strick, M., et al. (1982), After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation, Nature, 295, 105-110. (also, Rossignol-Strick, M.,1985 PDF)
• Sachs, J. and Repeta, D., 1999. Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during eastern Mediterranean sapropel events. Science, 286, pp. 2485-2488) (PDF).

Fundamental Sediment Properties (physical, chemical, magnetic, organic, grain size, proxies of provenance). Phys.Props powerpoint file.

• Web poster plan due *

Reading

• Harris, S., King, T., Mix, A.C. Biogenic and terrigenous sedimentation at Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, supports Pliocene-Pleistocene deep-water linkage between hemispheres. ODP Sci. Res. Vol. 154, pp. 331-345. (PDF)
• Harris, S.and Mix, A.C. Precipitation balance in the Amazon Basin recorded in deep-sea sediments.Quat. Res. 51, pp. 14-26. (PDF)
• Moran, K. Elastic Property corrections applied to Leg 154 sediments, Ceara Rise. ODP Sci. Res. Vol. 154, pp. 331-345. (PDF)

• Goldberg, D., 1997, The role of downhole measurements in marine geology and geophysics, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 315-342. Reviews of Geophysics is available through the Columbia library; click on "Library Access - Back issues from 1993" and navigate to v. 35, no. 3.
• deMenocal, P., Bristow, J., and Stein, R. Paleoclimatic applications of downhole logs: Plio-Pleistocene results from Hole 798B, Sea of Japan. In: Piscotto, K.A., Ingle, J.C. Jr., von Breymann, M.T., Barron, J., et al. Proceedings ODP, Scientific Results, 127/128, Pt. 1: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program); 393-408, 1992. PDF

Web poster proposal due (see projects link)

Evaporites (mineralogy, physical chemistry, formation of saline giants) powerpoint File

Reguired Reading

• Hsu, K. J., Ryan, W.B.F. and Cita, M.B., 1973. Late Miocene desiccation of the Medirterranean, Nature, v. 242 p. 240-244. pdf
• Hsu et al., 1977. History of the Medirterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature, v. 267 #5610 p. 399-403. pdf
• Rouchy, J.M. and Caruso, A., 2006. The Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean basin: A reassessment of the data and an integrated scenario. Sedimentary Geology, v. 188-189, p. 35-67. pdf
• Krijgsman, W. et al., 1999. Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian Salinity Crisis, Nature, v. 400, p. 652-655. pdf
• J. Lofi, C. Gorinic, S. Berne, G. Clauzond, A. T. Dos Reise, W. B.F. Ryan, M. S. Steckler, 2005. Erosional processes and paleo-environmental changes in the Western Gulf of Lions (SW France) during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, Marine Geology v. 217, p. 1-30. pdf

Optional Reading

• Hsu, K. J., Cita, M. B., and Ryan, W. B. F., 1973. The origin of the Mediterranean Evaporites, Chapter 43, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 13, Part 2, pp. 1203-1231.
• Hardie, L. A. and Lowenstein, 2004. Did the Mediterranean Sea dry out during the Miocene? a reassessment of the eva[porite evidence from DSDP legs 13 and 42A cores. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 74 No. 4. p. 453-461. pdf

Principles of Paleomagnetic, Seismic, Lithologic, Isotope and Bio- Stratigraphy
Powerpoint File
Adobe PDF format File
Data for Lab Exercise

Reading

• Seibold, E. and Berger, W., 1993. The Seafloor. Chapter 8. Deep-Sea Sediments - Stratigraphy and Dating, p. 236-240.
• Foster, J. H. and Opdyke, 1970. Upper Miocene to Recent magnetic stratigraphy in deep-sea sediments, Journal of Geophysical research, v. 75, p. 4465-4473. pdf
• Ninkovich, D., 1968. Pleistocene volcanic eruptions in New Zealand recortded in deep-sea sediments, Earth and Planetary Science letters, v. 4, p. 89-102. pdf
• Hays, J. D., T. Saito, N. D. Opdyke and L. H. Burckle, 1969. Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments of the equatorial Pacific: Their paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic and climatic record, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, pp. 1481-1513
• Shackleton, N. J., and N. D. Opdyke, 1976. Oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V28-239 Late Pliocene to Latest Pleistocene, Geological Society of America Memoir 145, pp. 449-464.
• Tucholke, B. and G. S. Mountain, 1979. Seismic stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and paleosedimentation patterns in North American Basin, in Maurice Ewing Series 3, Deep Sea Drilling Results in the North Atlantic Ocean: Continental Margins and Paleoenvironment, M. Talwini, W. B. F. Ryan, W. Hay (eds), American Geophysical Union, pp. 58-86.

Principles and Applications of Sequence Stratigraphy powerpoint File

Reading

• Allen, P.A. and Allen, J.R., 2005. Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, Chapter 8, p. 266-285. Blackwell Publishing (on reserver in Library)
• Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1988. Mesozoic and chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea level change, in Wilgus, C. et al., eds, Sea Level Changes- an integrated approach, Society Economioc Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication Number 42, p. 71-108.
• Posamentier, H.W., and Vail, P.R., 1988. Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II, in Wilgus, C., et al., eds, Sea Level Changes- an integrated approach, Soc. Economioc Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication Number 42, p. 125-154.

Reefs, atolls and global sealevel (powerpoint file)

Reading

• Seibold, E. and Berger, W., 1993. The Seafloor. Chapter 7. Imprint of Climatic Zonation on Marine Sediments, p. 185-199.
• Freeman-Lynde, R. P., and Ryan, W.B.F.1985, Erosional modification of Bahama Escarpment, Bulletin of Geological Society of America, v. 96, p. 481-494. (pdf)
• Schlager, W. and O. Camber, 1986. Submarine slope angles, drowning unconformities and self-erosion of limestone escarpments, Geology, v. 14, pp 762-765. (pdf)

• Kennett, J. and Stott, L.D., 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming, paleoceanographic changes, and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature, 353, 255-259. (PDF).
• Dickens et al., 1995. Dissassociation of oceanic methane clathrate as a cause of the carbon isotopic excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography, 18, 6, 965-971 (PDF).
• Zachos, J. et al.(2001) Trends, Rhythms, and abberations in global climate, 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. (PDF)
• Kvenvolden, K.A. Gas hydrates - Geological perspective and global change, Review of Geophysics, 31, 2, 173-187. (PDF)

• Raymo, M. E. (1994). The initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Ann. Rev. Earth and Planet. Sci. 22: 353-383. (PDF).
• Raymo, M. E., W. F. Ruddiman, et al. (1990). "Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific d13C gradients over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 97: 353-368. (PDF)
• Haug, G. H., D. M. Sigman, et al. (2005). North Pacific Seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago. Nature, 433, 821-825. (PDF).
• Haug, G.H. et al., 2005. North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago. Nature, 433, pp.821-827. (PDF)

9:50-10:10 Michelle (site)

10:10- 10:30 Adrienne (site)

10:30-10:50 Cecelia & John (site)

10:50-11:10 Perri & George (site)

9:50-10:10 Sarah & Milena (site)

10:10- 10:30 Janet (site)

10:30-10:50 Jenny & Brent (site)

10:50-11:10 Howie and David (site)

11:10-11:30 Stephanie (site)