I. TIME SCALE - you will fill in a framework of a time scale that you will need to fill out

 II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

 1. William Smith worked out:

a) the principle of superposition
b) the principle of biotic succession
c) the Ornithischia and the Saurischia
d) the principle of cross-cutting relationships

a) the Moenkopi and the Karoo
b) the Morrison and Solonhofen
c) the Chinle, the Atlantic Rift Zone, and the Ischigualasto
d) the Hell Creek, Keuper, and Karoo

a) 28 % of our atmosphere
b) limestone
c) < 1 % of our atmosphere
d) produced by photosynthesis

a) some of the members share different common ancestors
b) some of the descendants of the common ancestor of the group are not in the group.
c) the common ancestor of the group is not within the group.
d) the common ancestor and all of its descendants are within the group.

a) a tendentious ankle and a recapitulated temporal
b) live birth, hair, warm blood, and nursing with milk
c) double rooted teeth and squamosal-dentary jaw joint
d) a single temporal opening

a) Polar Early Jurassic tetanuran
b) Pangean Late Triassic ceratosaurian
c) Tropical Early Jurassic carnosaur
d) Marine Triassic nothosaur

a) The Glen Canyon Group and the Atlantic Rifting Zone
b) The Lias and the Falla Formation
c) The Glen Canyon Group and the Lufeng
d) The Ischigualasto and Chinle

8. The shared derived character for the Dinosauria is:

a) Large size and weight
b) A perforated acetabulum
c) Three toes on the foot
d) Being extinct

9. Mammals first appear in the:

a) Early Jurassic
b) Cretaceous
c) Early Cenozoic
d) Late Triassic

10. The Crurotarsi are defined by the following shared derived
character.

a) a mesotarsal ankle joint.
b) an ankle with many small bones flexing smoothly at a variety of places.
c) an ankle with a joint between the astragalus and calcaneum.
d) a tendentious ankle.

1. Why is the sail-backed animal Dimetrodon from the Permian of Texas not a dinosaur?

1) It is a synapsid and therefore lacks the shared derived character of the dinosaurs - an open acetabulum. And 2) It is Permian in age and dinosaurs evolved in the Late Triassic.

2. What are the main difference between the Ornithodira, Ornithischia, and Ornithosuchia?

1) Ornithodira contain the Ornithischia; 2) the Ornithischia have the shared derived character of a backward pointing pubis (missing in other ornithodirans as well as the dinosaurian shared derived character of an open acetabulum, missing in the non-dinosaurian ornithodirans; and 3) the Ornithosuchia are not ornithodirans, but are instead crurotarsians and have the shared derived character of a slit between the maxilla and premaxilla.

3. Why is the saurischian triradiate pelvis not a shared derived character that defines the Saurischia?

1) It is primitive at a level below that of the Saurischia, perhaps even at the level of the Amniota); and 2) The shared derived character of the saurischia is the in fact the twisted and enlarged digit I (thumb).

4. Where would you look for dinosaur fossils and why?

1) Sedimentary, deposits of continental origin; and 2) rocks of Mesozoic age.

5. How is limestone (= calcium carbonate = CaCO₃) related to the greenhouse effect?

1) Limestone is a sink for carbon which comes from the weathering of calcium silicate rocks on the continents by CO2 via carbonic acid. And 2) the more carbon gets buried as limestone, the less CO2 in the atmosphere and the less greenhouse effect and the cooler it gets.

IV. SHORT ESSAY

 PREPARE A SHORT ESSAY ON ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
 

1. Given the cross-section of rock strata exposed in a canyon wall below, outline the history of the area, stating the various basic stratigraphic principles you used and stating the geological periods to which the rock unit belong. The intrusive diabase give a potassium-argon date of 100 million years.
 
 

The essay should cover the chronology of events as recorded in this cross-section. For example: the oldest strata to be deposited were the folded claystone according to the Principle of Superposition of Steno. Steno's Principle of Principle of Stratal Continuity suggests that they extended far beyond the unconformity that truncates them, and Steno's Principle of Initial Horizontality suggests that they were laid down flat and folded upward into their present attitude. The unconformity between the folded claystone and the overlying flat rocks indicate a period of erosion showing that a long period of time had passed between the deposition of the two set of strata. That follows from James Hutton's Principle of Uniformitarianism. And so on. IT IS CRITICAL TO REMEMBER TO WRITE IN SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS, NOT JUST AN OUTLINE - THIS IS AN ESSAY.

 V. DINOSAURIAN RELATIONSHIPS

FILL OUT THE FOLLOWING CLADOGRAM WITH THE CHARACTERS AND GROUP NAMES LISTED BELOW. PLACE THE NUMBER OF EACH CHARACTER NEXT TO THE NODE IN THE CLADOGRAM WHICH DEFINES THE GROUPS AND PUT THE APPROPRIATE GROUP NAME ABOVE THE DOTTED LINE.

You will be asked to label the bones on a drawing of a skeletons much (but not the same as) like that of Euparkeria you saw during Lecture 9.